Who was the Dana in the Dana Warp Mill?

The Dana Warp Mill in Westbrook, Maine, operated under the direction of Woodbury K. Dana from 1866 to 1957. By definition, warp is the cotton thread that is used for weaving textiles. My grandfather, Auguste "Gus" Albert, also founded a textiles business not as a manufacturer but as a retailer. It was incorporated in 1923 with the name, The Men's Shop. Both men became prominant members of the Westbrook business community.

Auguste Albert married Bernadette Gagnon in 1924. Auguste's father and Bernadette's parents immigrated to Westbrook from Canada to work in the mills. Many of our ancestors worked at the Dana Warp Mill. Here are a few found in city directories: Antoinette Albert (1919), Yvonne Albert (1921), Exilia Gagnon (1919 and 1921). Antionette and Yvonne were Auguste's sisters and Exilia was Bernadette's sister. In an interview in 1990, Josephine Gagnon (Auguste's sister-in-law) recalled operating machines at Dana Warp Mill working 6 am to 6 pm earning $7 a week. At the same interview, Bernadette shared that at age 15, she worked sorting paper at another mill in Westbrook, S. D. Warren.

Now more on Mr. Dana. He was born in Portland, Maine in 1840. As a young man, he took the opportunity to learn the business of manufacturing by working 12 hours a day in the Lincoln Cotton Mill in Lewiston. He also worked for a time as a card grinder at the Westbrook Manufacturing Company. Soon after, he served in the Union Army from 1863-1865.

In 1866, Mr. Dana formed a partnership with Thomas McEwen for the manufacture of cotton warps at Saccarappa Falls in Westbrook. Mr. McEwen was an inactive partner and sold out his interest a few years later. A major fire in 1893 motivated Mr. Dana to build a larger and better plant. In the archives at the Westbrook Historical Society, there is a report that speaks to a high standard and quality of product that the mill produced. I think of my grandfather again because he was also known to have a high standard for quality of product and for superior customer service as well.

Woodbury K. Dana anniversary celebration, Westbrook, 1916

The Westbrook Board of Trade honored Mr. Dana on June 7, 1916, his 76th birthday and the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Dana Warp mill. A large military and civic parade followed. The celebration culminated with an event held that evening at the Star Theatre, which featured an orchestra, singing, slide shows and a movie reel of Westbrook scenes that featured Dana in many of the scenes. Woodbury Dana died on May 18, 1924 and is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Westbrook.

Credits: The first image shown in this post came from the Facebook group, Portland Maine History 1786 to Present. The source for the other photographs and for the detailed description of the 50th anniversary celebration is the Maine Memory Network. The source of the Dana Warp Mill advertisement is the Directory of Westbrook, Gorham, and Windham, 1915-16.

Honoring Joseph Osias Gagnon (1896-1912)

Preface: I truly wish I had a pic of Osias to go with this honor.  In some ways, I would like my writing to not only recognize the short life of this young man and the contributions he gave to the Dana Warp Mill in Westbrook, Maine, and to his family, but also to have this commentary give homage to so many other children who paid the price of their childhood and some with their lives during the industrial era.

Osias was baptized Joseph Osias Gagnon on August 9, 1896, in Saint-Malo d’Auckland in Quebec province, Canada.  He was a brother to Bernadette Gagnon.

J. Osias Gagnon, 1896 baptism

Here is an image of the baptism record in French from the Drouin Collection on Ancestry.com. Shown in the image is the signature of his father, Pierre Gagnon. 

The municipality of Saint-Malo with a 2016 population of 475 is located about 100 miles from Montreal and very near to the border of northern New Hampshire. The largest community within a 50-mile radius is Sherbrooke. 

Saint-Malo d'Auckland, Quebec

The family immigrated to Westbrook, Maine in 1892 according to the 1910 US Census and lived on Brown Street. In the census data, Osias, at age 13, is shown to be attending school and able to read and write English.  Four of his five older siblings though were documented on the census form as working in the cotton mill; their ages were between 14-21. 

Dana Warp Mill as it looked in 1895

Osias would enter the factory workforce the following year when he joined his siblings at the Dana Warp Mill, but this is a story with a tragic ending. On March 2, 1912, at the age of fifteen, Osias’s arm got caught in a machine and it caused a fatal injury.  His occupation listed on the Maine State death record is “mill hand” and the details of it and as described in a published newspaper article were grim. 

I did some research on child labor during the industrial revolution. In 1900, 18 percent of all American workers were under the age of 16, and there were 25,000 to 35,000 deaths and 1 million injuries that occurred that year from work in industrial jobs, many of those victims would have been children. The website, history.com, provides a good summary of what was involved for children working in factories before the legislation was enacted to change child labor practices: 

Children were useful as laborers because their size allowed them to move in small spaces in factories and mines where adults couldn’t fit, children were easier to manage and control and perhaps most importantly, children could be paid less than adults.

Image Source: https://tirac.weebly.com/child-labor-in-the-cotton-mill.html

The summary went on to explain that the dynamic for working children was that their wages were used to support their families as was surely the case for Osias. An obvious and sad consequence of working children was the loss of education. It took the Great Depression to effect real change for the working children of the industrial age. Americans wanted all available jobs to go to adults rather than children.  The view of the nation suddenly refocused on children getting a primary education.

The work of Lewis Hine, sociologist, and photographer, exposed the underside of child labor in America. His photographs showed the appalling working conditions of children in industrial jobs. 

Lewis Hine photograph

It wasn’t until 1936 when the Fair Labor Standards Act was passed that the minimum age of 16 and was set. This act also restricted the number of hours that children could work.

Of course, progressive laws against child labor came far too late for Osias to enjoy a normal childhood and live on to adulthood. Whatever one’s politics, there comes a time when federal regulations change our society for the better, such as in the case of protecting individuals’ rights. There may be no better example of a law that affected child safety on such a huge scale as the one passed in 1936 that changed child labor forever.

Sources

Population statistic and scenic image of Saint-Malo: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Malo_(Qu%C3%A9bec)  Child Labor statistics: https://history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/child-labor and http://m.american-historama.org/1866-1881-reconstruction-era/child-labor-america.htm  Dana Warp Mill image from 1895: https://www.mainememory.net/artifact/82067  Lewis Hine image and others: https://www.publicdomainarchive.com/public-domain-images-hine-lewis-national-child-labor-committee-collection/